Phase behaviors,fuel properties,and combustion characteristics of alcohol-vegetable oil-diesel microemulsion fuels

Biofuels are being considered as alternatives to fossil-based fuels due to depletion of petroleum-based reserves and pollutant emission concerns. Vegetable oils and bioalcohols have proven to be viable alternative fuels both with and without engine modification. However, high viscosity and low energy content are long-term operational problems with vegetable oils and bioalcohols, respectively. Therefore, vegetable oil-based microemulsification is being evaluated as a method to reduce the high viscosity of vegetable oils and enhance the miscibility of alcohol and oil phases. Studies have shown that microemulsification with different alcohols lead to varying fuel properties depending on their structure. The overall goal of this study was to formulate microemulsion fuels with single and mixed alcohol systems by determining the effects of water content, alcohol branching structure and carbon chain length on phase behaviors, fuel properties, and emission characteristics. It was found that microemulsion fuels using certain alcohols displayed favorable stability, properties, and emission characteristics. Flames of fuels with linear short-chain-length alcohols had larger near-burner blue regions and lower CO and soot emissions indicating the occurrence of more complete combustion. In addition to alcohol effects, the effect of vegetable oils, surfactants, and additives on emission characteristics were insightful in pursuit of appropriate microemulsion fuels as cleaner burning alternatives to both No.2 diesel and canola biodiesel.     

高温气冷堆新燃料运输事故频率分析

商用高温气冷堆核电站是中国未来可能发展的第四代核电站,其新燃料元件和运输容器有显著的特点.探索了将概率安全评价(PSA)方法引入放射性物品运输的辐射风险评价中,首先用故障树方法分析了高温气冷堆新燃料元件公路运输的潜在事故频率,经过事故情景分析、力学分析和临界分析,选择了货包辐射水平升高和临界两种潜在事故予以分析.结果表明,货包辐射水平升高的事故频率很低;临界事故的频率极低,在后续的风险评价中可忽略.     

O_2/CO_2半焦煤燃料N向NO转化规律试验研究

在立式管式炉燃烧试验装置上,O_2/CO_2燃烧条件下,对半焦煤在不同温度及氧气浓度对燃料N向NO转化规律进行研究。结果表明:ρ(O_2)∶ρ(CO_2)=1∶4燃烧气氛,1 000℃时,NO生成曲线表现出双峰结构趋势,温度升高后,双峰均变为单峰,NO生成总量降低,燃料N向NO转化率降低,N转化率达稳定时刻的时间向前推移60 s;温度维持1 000℃恒温,各氧气浓度条件下均有双峰结构,燃料N转化率随氧气浓度升高,N转化率基本保持不变,只有在ρ(O_2)∶ρ(CO_2)=4∶6时,表现出降低趋势,N转化率达稳定的时间向后延迟210 s。     

Analysis of emission reduction in ethyne–biodiesel-aspirated diesel engine

The present experimental work investigates the use of ethyne gas in biodiesel-fueled diesel engine at different flow rate of 1, 2, and 3 L/min and is compared with diesel operation. This work is aimed to examine the outcome of ethyne gas by dual-fuel operation on emission characteristics of neat biodiesel-fueled stationary diesel engine. The oil derived from mustard seeds are employed as a source for biodiesel. The work was carried out at 2100 rpm (speed) and at an optimal compression ratio of 17. Based on the outcome of this investigation, the maximum reduction in hydrocarbon (25.1%), carbon monoxide (17.24%), and smoke emission (24.8%) was observed for biodiesel–ethyne at 3 L/min than the neat biodiesel. However, NO_x emissions were found to be 15.8% higher for ethyne–biodiesel fueling at 3 L/min owing to increase in combustion gas temperature than neat biodiesel.     

Effect of air supply on the performance of an active direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) fed with neat methanol

Unlike the situation in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) fed with dilute liquid methanol solution, the required water in anode for a DMFC fed with neat methanol is entirely transported from cathode. In this study, the water concentration in anode catalyst layer of such a DMFC operating with fully active mode is theoretically analyzed, followed by the experimental investigations on the effects of air flow rate and operating temperature on cell performance. The results revealed that the air flow rate has a strong impact on cell performance, especially at larger current density. Overmuch air causes rapid decline of cell performance, which results from the dehydration of membrane and lack of water in the anode reaction sites. Raising temperature induces faster reaction kinetics, while undesired stronger water dissipation from the DMFC. In practice, the stable cell resistance can be used as a criterion to help the DMFC to achieve a high and sustainable performance by finely combining the air flow rate and operating temperature.     

微生物燃料电池及其在废水/废弃物处理中的应用

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFC)作为一项解决环境污染同时开发可再生能源的新技术,近年来受到国内外研究者广泛关注。基于MFC工作原理,全面归纳了其典型的高效产电菌,并从阳极氧化、阴极还原两方面重点探讨了其在处理废水/废弃物的应用实例及发展潜力,最后从3个方面对MFC在环境领域的应用前景作了展望。     

活性炭优化生物阴极提升微生物燃料电池产电性能

对双室好氧生物阴极微生物燃料电池的阴极电极材料进行了优化.使用碳纤维刷阴极启动,进入稳定期后向反应器阴极室投加活性炭颗粒(T2)和活性炭粉末(T3),以提升微生物燃料电池的产电性能.实验结果表明,向阴极投加活性炭可以迅速提高微生物燃料电池的输出电压.投加活性炭颗粒后,T2的开路电压和最大功率密度分别提高了42%和237%;投加活性炭粉末后,T3的开路电压和最大功率密度分别提高了12%和42%.优化后的微生物燃料电池对COD的去除率分别是91.5%、90.3%,库仑效率分别提高了54.4%和17.9%.投加活性炭颗粒效果更好,可以显著提高微生物燃料电池产电性能,同时提高微生物燃料电池的COD去除率和库仑效率.     

大面积停电下配电网重要用户的应急供电策略研究

为研究电网较长时间停电环境下应急发电车与发电燃油供应协同优化调度问题,首先在电力公司管理现状基础上,通过对重要用户识别分析,按照是否自行配备发电机将重要用户进行分类,针对已经配备发电机的用户,重点考虑周期性供应燃油,对未配备发电机的用户,电力公司需紧急调度有限移动应急发电车,据此构建2阶段的移动应急发电车和油料供应模型以保证重要用户的紧急供电不会中断（第1阶段为电力公司应急发电车指派,第2阶段为加油站油料补充分配）。然后,将该调度问题转化为移动应急发电车指派问题和运油车路径问题的非线性混合模型,针对非线性目标函数和约束条件,通过引入大M法和变量替换进行线性化,得到混合整数线性规划,最小化负荷损失和成本为目标。最后,以某市电网重要用户为例,验证上述模型有效性,并通过原模型与聚类模型对比强调有限移动应急发电车的有效利用具备一定重要性。研究结果对电网公司保障应急供电具有重要指导意义。     

生物质能源及发电技术研究

随着能源消耗和环境污染之间矛盾的加剧,使得人类需要寻找一些相对比较清洁的可再生能源。生物质能源由于其数量巨大,环境污染小,并具有可再生性,成为目前比较好的选择之一。生物质能发电是生物质能利用的主要方式之一。介绍了生物质能的特点及利用转化方式,重点讲述了直接燃烧发电技术、气化发电技术以及生物质燃料电池技术,最后根据我国国情指出了生物质能利用的主要问题及几点建议。对我国生物质能发电的发展提供了技术参考和技术支持。     

Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings

Cereal straw is one of the most abundant biomass burned in China but its contribution to fine particulates is not adequately understood. In this study, three main kinds of cereal straws were collected from five grain producing areas in China. Fine particulate matters （PMzs） from the cereal straws subjected to control burnings, both under smoldering and flaming status, were sampled by using a custom made dilution chamber and sampling system in the laboratory. Element carbon （EC） and organic carbon （OC） was analyzed. 141 compounds of organic matters were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrum （GC-MS）. Source profiles of particulate organic matters emitted from cereal straw burnings were obtained. The results indicated that organic matters contribute a large fraction in fine particulate matters. Levoglucosan had the highest contributions with averagely 4.5% in mass of fine particulates and can be considered as the tracer of biomass burnings. Methyloxylated phenols from lignin degradation also had high concentrations in PM2.5, and contained approximately equal amounts of guaiacyl and syringyl compounds. 13-Sitostrol also made up relatively a large fraction of PMz5 compared with the other sterols （0.18%-0.63% of the total fine particle mass）. Normal alkanes, PAHs, fatty acids, as well as normal alkanols had relatively lower concentrations compared with the compounds mentioned above. Carbon preference index （CPI） of normal alkanes and alkanoic acids showed characteristics of biogenic fuel burnings. Burning status significantly influenced the formations of EC and PAHs. The differences between the emission profiles of straw and wood combustions were displayed by the fingerprint compounds, which may be used to identify the contributions between wood and straw burnings in source apportionment researches.